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Confidence, strongest first:
- Official census
- Official estimate
- Research estimate
- Compiled / third-party
- Unknown
Countries
Table
This table is in the page HTML and does not need JavaScript. With JavaScript, the column headings sort the rows.
| Country | Geographic scope | Concept | Ethnic reference year | Population in that universe | Largest category | Share | Confidence | Composition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities, plus servicemen. Excludes Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan. | Official ethnic group (minzu), as registered in the census | 2020 | 1,411,778,724 | Han | 91.1% | official census | partition |
| United States | 50 states and the District of Columbia | Race by Hispanic or Latino origin, mutually exclusive | 2020 | 331,449,281 | White alone, not Hispanic or Latino | 57.8% | official census | partition |
| Indonesia | National. Indonesian citizens only. | Suku bangsa (ethnic group) reported in the 2010 Population Census, for citizens | 2010 (outdated) | 236,728,379 | Jawa | 40.2% | official census | partition |
| Brazil | National resident population | Self-declared color or race (cor ou raça) | 2022 | 203,069,637 | Parda | 45.3% | official census | partition |
| Bangladesh | National. Enumerated population of the 2022 census. | Ethnic population (members of listed ethnic communities). Not a classification of the whole population. | 2022 | 165,158,616 | Ethnic population (all listed ethnic communities) | 1.0% | official census | overlapping |
| Russia | Permanent population of the Russian Federation in the 2010 All-Russian census | Nationality (natsionalnost), self-declared in the census. A large share did not state a nationality. | 2010 (outdated) | 142,856,536 | Russians | 77.7% | official census | partition |
| Mexico | National | Indigenous self-identification and Afro-Mexican identification. These questions overlap and do not partition the population. | 2020 | 126,014,024 | Self-identified indigenous (age 3 and older) | 18.4% | official census | overlapping |
| Philippines | National | Ethnicity reported in the 2020 Census of Population and Housing | 2020 | 109,033,245 | Tagalog | 26.0% | official census | partition |
| Vietnam | National, census time-point 1 April 2019 | Official ethnic group (dân tộc) | 2019 | 96,208,984 | Kinh | 85.3% | official census | partition |
| Ethiopia | National census population (de facto) | Ethnic group (nation, nationality or people) in the 2007 census | 2007 (outdated) | 73,750,932 | Oromo | 34.4% | official census | partition |
| South Africa | National | Population group, self-identified, using the census categories | 2022 | 62,027,503 | Black African | 81.4% | official census | partition |
| United Kingdom | England and Wales only | Self-identified ethnic group | 2021 | 59,597,578 | White: English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish or British | 74.4% | official census | partition |
| Ukraine | Population enumerated in the 2001 All-Ukrainian census, including Crimea | Nationality (natsionalnist), self-declared in the census | 2001 (outdated) | 48,240,902 | Ukrainians | 77.8% | official census | partition |
| Kenya | National enumerated population, 2019 census night | Ethnic affiliation of Kenyans; nationality for non-Kenyans | 2019 | 47,564,296 | Kikuyu | 17.1% | official census | partition |
| Uganda | National census population, including the non-household population | Tribe/ethnicity, using the indigenous communities in the Third Schedule of the Constitution | 2024 | 45,905,417 | Other tribes in the Third Schedule | 20.6% | official census | partition |
| Argentina | Population in private dwellings (viviendas particulares) | Two separate self-recognition questions: indigenous or descended from indigenous peoples, and Afro-descendant or having Black or African ancestors. They overlap and do not partition the population. | 2022 | 45,618,787 | Recognizes self as indigenous or descended from indigenous or original peoples | 2.9% | official census | overlapping |
| Colombia | National. Persons enumerated in the census (censo de derecho). | Ethnic self-recognition (autorreconocimiento étnico) | 2018 | 44,164,417 | Ningún grupo étnico | 87.6% | official census | partition |
| Uzbekistan | National, population counted in the 2026 census (reference date 15 January 2026) | Nationality (milliy tarkibi) in the population and agriculture census, preliminary results | 2026 | 39,047,321 | Uzbek (o'zbek) | 89.4% | official census | partition |
| Poland | Census population of Poland, 31 March 2021 | National-ethnic identification. Two questions allow a second identification, so counts exceed the population. | 2021 | 38,036,118 | Polish | 98.8% | official census | multiple response |
| Canada | Persons in private households (25% census sample) | Visible minority, Employment Equity Act classification | 2021 | 36,328,480 | Not a visible minority | 73.5% | official census | partition |
| Malaysia | National. Ethnicity is published for citizens. Non-citizens are a separate row. | Ethnic group of citizens, plus non-citizens as an unclassified row | 2020 | 32,447,385 | Malay | 52.1% | official census | partition |
| Ghana | Ghanaians by birth and dual nationals (Ghanaian and other), 2021 census | Major ethnic group of Ghanaians | 2021 | 30,484,536 | Akan | 45.7% | official census | partition |
| Nepal | National | Caste/ethnicity (jat/jati) reported in the National Population and Housing Census | 2021 | 29,164,578 | All other castes/ethnicities (arithmetic remainder of listed groups) | 28.8% | official census | partition |
| Australia | Usual residents, including Other Territories | Indigenous status. This is not a full ancestry classification. | 2021 | 25,422,789 | Non-Indigenous | 91.9% | official census | partition |
| Taiwan | Household-registered population of the area administered from Taipei | Indigenous status in the household register. Not a classification of the whole population. | 2025 | 23,299,132 | Registered indigenous people | 2.7% | official estimate | overlapping |
| Peru | National. Census population aged 12 and older; the ethnic question was not asked of younger people. | Ethnic self-identification by customs and ancestors (Censos Nacionales 2017, question 25), population aged 12 and older | 2017 | 23,196,391 | Mestizo | 60.2% | official census | partition |
| Sri Lanka | National | Ethnic group reported in the Census of Population and Housing | 2012 | 20,359,439 | Sinhalese | 74.9% | official census | partition |
| Kazakhstan | National | Ethnic nationality (natsionalnost) in the census | 2021 | 19,186,015 | Kazakh | 70.4% | official census | partition |
| Romania | Resident population (populația rezidentă) | Self-declared ethnicity (etnie) in the population and housing census | 2021 | 19,053,815 | Români | 77.7% | official census | partition |
| Chile | National, census population (de facto) | Belonging to an indigenous or original people (pueblo indígena u originario), self-identified, with the people named | 2024 | 18,480,432 | Does not belong to an indigenous or original people | 88.6% | official census | partition |
| Malawi | National census population (usual residents), 2018 | Tribe of Malawians; non-Malawians by nationality | 2018 | 17,563,749 | Chewa | 34.3% | official census | partition |
| Cuba | National | Color de la piel (skin colour) in the census. Self-classified in 2012; mainly enumerator-observed in 2002. Not an ethnic or racial classification in the office's own terms. | 2012 | 11,167,325 | Blanca | 64.1% | official census | partition |
| Czechia | Population as of 26 March 2021 | Nationality (národnost), optional; up to two nationalities could be stated | 2021 | 10,524,167 | Czech only | 57.3% | official census | partition |
| Bolivia | National census population | Declared belonging, as a Bolivian, to a nation or people indígena originario campesino or Afro-Bolivian (census question 29) | 2012 | 10,059,856 | Did not declare belonging (does not belong, not Bolivian, or not specified; complement) | 58.3% | official census | partition |
| Azerbaijan | National, de jure population as enumerated in the 2019 census | Nationality (ethnic group) in the population census | 2019 | 9,951,409 | Azerbaijanis | 94.8% | official census | partition |
| Israel | Population of Israelis in the CBS end-2023 estimate | Population group in the population register (Jews, Arabs, Others). Not a census ethnic question. | 2023 | 9,842,000 | Jews | 73.2% | official estimate | partition |
| Hungary | Census population | Nationality (nemzetiség), voluntary. A person may state more than one. | 2022 | 9,603,634 | Magyar | 84.3% | official census | multiple response |
| Belarus | Population of the Republic of Belarus in the 2009 and 2019 censuses | Nationality, self-declared in the census | 2019 | 9,413,446 | Belarusians | 84.9% | official census | partition |
| Honduras | National census population | Population group (pueblo) to which the person belongs, by self-identification. Only the indigenous and Afro-Honduran peoples are tabulated by name. | 2013 | 8,303,771 | Not tabulated under a people (arithmetic remainder: census population minus listed peoples) | 91.4% | official census | partition |
| Tajikistan | National, de facto population | Nationality (ethnic group) in the population census | 2010 (outdated) | 7,564,502 | Tajiks | 84.3% | official census | partition |
| Turkmenistan | National | Nationality in the population and housing census | 2022 | 7,057,841 | Turkmens | 86.7% | official census | partition |
| Kyrgyzstan | National, de jure population | Nationality (ethnic group): 2009 census and the statistics committee's 2022 estimate | 2022 | 6,747,323 | Kyrgyz | 74.0% | official estimate | partition |
| Serbia | Republic of Serbia excluding Kosovo and Metohija | National affiliation (nacionalna pripadnost), free self-declaration | 2022 | 6,647,003 | Serbs | 80.6% | official census | partition |
| Bulgaria | Population as of 7 September 2021 | Ethnic group by voluntary self-determination | 2021 | 6,519,789 | Bulgarian | 78.5% | official census | partition |
| Slovakia | Population as of 1 January 2021 | Nationality (národnosť), first answer. A second nationality was asked separately. | 2021 | 5,449,270 | Slovak | 83.8% | official census | partition |
| Nicaragua | National census population | Self-recognition as belonging to an indigenous people or ethnic community | 2005 (outdated) | 5,142,098 | Did not report belonging to an indigenous people or ethnic community (complement) | 91.4% | official census | partition |
| Ireland | Usually resident and present | Self-identified ethnic group or background | 2022 | 5,084,879 | White Irish | 76.6% | official census | partition |
| New Zealand | Census usually resident population | Self-identified ethnic group, level 1. Multiple responses are allowed. | 2023 | 4,993,923 | European | 67.8% | official census | multiple response |
| Panama | National. Population enumerated at usual residence (de jure census). | Belonging to an indigenous people, and Afro-descendant self-recognition. These are separate questions and do not partition the population. | 2023 | 4,064,780 | Self-recognized Afro-descendant | 31.7% | official census | overlapping |
| Singapore | Resident population (citizens and permanent residents) | Official ethnic group of the resident population | 2020 | 4,044,210 | Chinese | 74.3% | official census | partition |
| Croatia | Total population of the Republic of Croatia | Ethnicity (narodnost), free self-declaration | 2021 | 3,871,833 | Croats | 91.6% | official census | partition |
| Georgia | Territory controlled by the Government of Georgia. Abkhazia and the Tskhinvali Region (South Ossetia) are not enumerated. | Ethnic group (ethnicity) in the general population census | 2014 | 3,713,804 | Georgians | 86.8% | official census | partition |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Census 2013 population of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Ethnic/national affiliation (etničko/nacionalno izjašnjavanje) | 2013 | 3,531,159 | Bošnjaci / Bosniaks | 50.1% | official census | partition |
| Liberia | National census population (de facto), 2008 | Ethnic group in the 2008 census | 2008 (outdated) | 3,476,608 | Kpelle | 20.3% | official census | partition |
| Mongolia | Citizens of Mongolia resident in the country. Citizens living abroad, stateless persons, and foreigners are excluded. | Ethnic group (yastan) of Mongolian citizens in the population and housing census | 2020 | 3,174,565 | Khalkh | 83.8% | official census | partition |
| Namibia | National census population (de facto) | Ethnic group as recorded in the 2023 census | 2023 | 3,022,401 | Aakwanyama | 23.6% | official census | partition |
| Armenia | National, de jure (permanent) population | Ethnicity (nationality) in the population census | 2022 | 2,932,731 | Armenians | 98.1% | official census | partition |
| Lithuania | Usual residents. 2021: register-based census, 1 January 2021. 2011: census, 1 March 2011. | Ethnicity (tautybe). This is not citizenship. | 2021 | 2,810,761 | Lithuanians | 84.6% | official census | partition |
| Jamaica | Census population classified by ethnic origin (2,683,707 of the 2,697,983 enumerated) | Ethnic origin: 'To which race or ethnic group would you say you belong?', one response per person | 2011 | 2,697,983 | Black | 92.1% | official census | partition |
| Moldova | Usual residents of the territory enumerated by the census. Transnistria (the left bank of the Dniester), the municipality of Bender, and several nearby localities are not enumerated. | Ethnicity (etnie), self-declared in the census. Moldovan and Romanian are separate census answers. | 2024 | 2,409,207 | Moldovans (Moldoveni) | 76.7% | official census | partition |
| Albania | Resident population, Census 2023 | Ethnic affiliation (përkatësia etnike), optional | 2023 | 2,402,113 | Albanian | 91.0% | official census | partition |
| Slovenia | Census 2002 population | Ethnic affiliation (narodna pripadnost) in the 2002 census. Not collected since. | 2002 (outdated) | 1,964,036 | Slovenci | 83.1% | official census | partition |
| Latvia | Usual residents. 2021: register-based census, 1 January 2021. 2011: census, 1 March 2011. | Ethnicity (tautiba), as recorded in the census and population register. This is not citizenship. | 2021 | 1,893,223 | Latvians | 62.7% | official census | partition |
| North Macedonia | Total resident population, Census 2021 | Ethnic affiliation, self-declared | 2021 | 1,836,713 | Macedonians | 58.4% | official census | partition |
| Estonia | Usual residents at the census moment, 31 December 2021 | Ethnic nationality (rahvus). This is not citizenship. | 2021 | 1,330,068 | Estonian | 68.8% | official census | partition |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Non-institutional (household) population | Ethnic group, one group per person | 2011 | 1,328,019 | East Indian | 35.4% | official census | partition |
| Cyprus | Areas under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus | National and/or ethnic group as reported to the UN Demographic Yearbook (communities and nationalities) | 2021 | 923,381 | Greek-Cypriot | 74.7% | official census | partition |
| Fiji | National | Ethnic group in the 2007 census. Not released for 2017. | 2007 (outdated) | 884,887 | iTaukei | 56.8% | official census | partition |
| Guyana | National | Ethnicity / nationality background (race/ethnic group), self-reported, one group per person | 2012 | 746,955 | East Indian | 39.8% | official census | partition |
| Solomon Islands | National census population, 2019 | Ethnic origin in the 2019 census | 2019 | 720,956 | Melanesian | 95.5% | official census | partition |
| Montenegro | Census 2023 population | National, i.e. ethnic affiliation, free self-declaration | 2023 | 623,633 | Montenegrins | 41.1% | official census | partition |
| Suriname | Usual residents (gewoonlijk verblijvenden) | Ethnic group (etnische groep), one group per person | 2012 | 541,638 | Hindoestaan (Hindustani) | 27.4% | official census | partition |
| Brunei | National | Race (bangsa) as classified by the Department of Economic Planning and Statistics | 2025 | 458,600 | Malay | 73.5% | official estimate | partition |
| Belize | Household population | Ethnicity, one group per person | 2022 | 397,483 | Mestizo | 51.7% | official census | partition |
| France | National | No official ethnic or racial classification | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Germany | National | No official ethnic classification. Migration background is not used. | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Netherlands | National | No official ethnic classification. Migration background is not used. | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| India | National | No official national ethnic classification in the census | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Japan | National | No ethnicity question in the population census | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Myanmar | National | Ethnicity was collected in the 2014 census but has not been released | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Thailand | National | No official ethnic classification of the population | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Pakistan | National | No ethnicity question in the census. Mother tongue is collected. | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| South Korea | National | No ethnicity question in the census | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Bhutan | National | No ethnicity question in the 2017 census | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Afghanistan | National | No official ethnic statistic | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Iran | National | No official ethnic classification. Nationality (citizenship) is not used. | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Iraq | National | No official ethnic statistic | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Turkey | National | No official ethnic classification | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Syria | National | No official ethnic statistic | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Finland | National | No official ethnic classification. Language and origin are published instead. | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Sweden | National | No official ethnic classification. Country of birth and foreign background are published instead. | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Norway | National | No official ethnic classification. Immigrant background by country is published instead. | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Denmark | National | No official ethnic classification. Immigrants and descendants by country of origin are published instead. | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Nigeria | National | No ethnicity question in the census since independence-era counts | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Rwanda | National | No ethnic classification in the census since 1994 | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Tanzania | National | No ethnic or tribal classification in the census | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Spain | National | No official ethnic classification | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Italy | National | No official ethnic classification | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Portugal | National | No ethnic question in the census | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Greece | National | No ethnic question in the census | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Austria | National | No official ethnic classification. Migration background is not used. | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Switzerland | National | No official ethnic classification | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
| Belgium | National | No official ethnic classification. Origin by nationality history is not used. | — | — | — | — | No official ethnic statistics | none |
About the data
populon.org records published counts. It does not interpret them or recommend policy. A sentence in the country view is of the form “Group A is 71.5% of the stated population in the stated year.” The projections and migration-flow arrows on country pages are separate from the counts: projections are populon.org model output, and flows are OECD figures by nationality. Each is labelled where it appears.
The words are not interchangeable
- Self-identified ethnic group. The person chooses a category on a census form. The Office for National Statistics and Stats NZ publish this kind of measure. The list of tick-boxes is written by that office.
- Race and Hispanic origin. In the United States these are two questions. populon.org uses the cross-classification in which each person is in one row.
- Color or race. In Brazil the census categories are branca, preta, parda, amarela, and indígena. Parda is a color category, not a single ethnic group.
- Ancestry. Some censuses allow more than one ancestry. Those counts sum to more than the population. Australia's ancestry question is that kind of measure, so the Australian chart uses Indigenous status instead, and says so.
- Ethnic nationality. In Estonia and Kazakhstan the census records rahvus or natsionalnost. That is not the same variable as citizenship.
- Population group. Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics publishes Jews, Arabs, and Others from the population register. That is an official population classification, not a census ethnic question of the British kind.
- Visible minority. Statistics Canada’s variable follows the Employment Equity Act. “Not a visible minority” includes people identified as White and Indigenous peoples. It is the residual of that law’s classification.
- Migration background and parents’ country of birth. Germany and the Netherlands publish these. They are not ethnicity, and populon.org does not relabel them.
- Legal and other census topics. India’s Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and religion and language tables, are different concepts and are not entered as ethnic groups.
Some states do not publish ethnic statistics
France, Germany, the Netherlands, India, and Japan are on populon.org with an explicit statement and no chart. Fiji’s 2017 census counted the population and did not release ethnicity; the 2007 classification is shown and marked outdated. A country with no row of numbers is not a country with a value of zero.
Sums, residuals, and multiple answers
For a partition, the categories are meant to add to the stated total. If they differ by more than 2%, the country view says so. Small gaps are also printed. They come from random rounding, from one-person differences between published tables, or from an adjusted residual that is described in the country note.
“Other”, “not stated”, “non-citizens”, and “not a visible minority” are kept as their own rows when the source publishes them. They are not dropped to make a remainder look smaller.
Where a person may choose more than one group, the chart is not stacked to 100%. The New Zealand page says that the counts overlap.
Change over time
A line is drawn only when comparable_series lists those waves and the category has the same id in at least two of them. The United States file stores 2010 and 2020 with the same ids and an empty comparable_series, because the Census Bureau does not treat the race distribution as directly comparable. Roma in England and Wales exists in 2021 and is not joined to 2011. When a joined series still has a question-wording change, the chart says so.
What a share on the map is
The map uses one number per country: the share of whichever category has the largest count in the latest loaded wave. For Australia that category is “Non-Indigenous”, the complement of the Indigenous-status question. For Canada it is “Not a visible minority”. The tooltip names the category and the year. The shade is not a measure of a common world group.
Sources and the update rule
Every wave stores the publishing office, a title, a URL, the year, whether the figure is a census count or an official estimate, and a confidence tag. The order used in the legend is official census, official estimate, research estimate, compiled or third-party, then unknown. National statistical offices come first. Compilations are used only where the note says the office’s own table was not re-opened. Wikipedia is not a source in this version.
Methods and the spot checks are in docs/methods.md and docs/validation.md.